Phantom Service: The Political and Bureaucratic Forces Keeping Empty Buses on the Road
Across the United States, transit agencies operate dozens of routes each day that carry a fraction of the riders they were designed to serve—yet the buses keep running. A combination of political inertia, funding structures, and institutional resistance to change has insulated these ghost routes from the kind of data-driven scrutiny that could redirect resources where they are genuinely needed. A growing number of cities, however, are beginning to challenge that status quo.